Modern cold applied liquid membranes have been durability rated by the British Board of Agreement ( BBA ) for 30 years.
2.
The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane ( which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy ).
3.
Second, the Chini clusters with redox properties act as a catalyst that helps transport sodium ions and electrons in the same direction across a liquid membrane, driven by pH-gradient.
4.
Several synthesis routes have been developed for processing Gd 2 O 2 S phosphors, including : solid state reaction method, reduction method, combustion synthesis method, emulsion liquid membrane method, and gas sulfuration method.
5.
24 . Comparative study for divalent liquid Membrane and solid state Ion-�Selective electrodes ", M . M . Emara and N . A . Farid 2nd International Conference on Pure, Applied and environmental Chemistry; Chem.